Self-Reflection and Self-Allocation of Grade Essay

Self-Reflection and Self-Allocation of Grade - Essay Example This paper includes personal reflection and critical analysis of the submissions in this course. 2. Best Effort among the Submissions I believe that abstract writing and peer reviews can be considered as the best reflections of my research and writing capabilities. These writing tasks bore great outcomes and came up to my personal benchmarks of quality writing. I have written abstracts before but this challenge was met with the personal inclination to research about the techniques that can be used to write comprehensive abstracts. As a result, I was able to organize my abstract into three main parts; introduction, problem statement and solution of the research problem. The abstract also included few lines discussing the purpose of the paper that makes the reader understand the relevance and theme of the research study. Due to the adoption of an organized process, I was able to focus on the quality of the writing rather than worrying about the type of content that needed to be include d. Conducting a peer review was a commendable experience since I learned the art of performing critical analysis of academic writing and got the opportunity to study the work of researchers in the respective domain at a detailed level. The first paper included useful information regarding the implementation of information incident management program; the steps for the program were explained and critically analyzed for the strengths and weaknesses of the content. The techniques to conduct a peer review were studied for the process that reflected in the paper and gave it a professional look. Similarly, the second peer review was also conducted on the same lines that proved to refine the practice of critical analysis. The second paper was based on the challenges that are faced during the implementation of information security management. Both the peer reviews were concluded with useful recommendations that can facilitate improvement of the paper; such recommendations bear great relevan ce in the process of conducting peer reviews. However, one factor that has been missed out from the peer reviews is that of the mention of the authors’ details and the place where this paper was presented. 3. Most Challenging Submission The article writing proved to be the most challenging and difficult submission in the course. The topic of my research was â€Å"The Relation between IM, Information Security and HRM†; all the three aspects of this chosen domain involve extensive research since numerous papers and literature are available for each one of them. The excessive nature of the available literature made me lose focus at few instances during the research process and made me include information that could not prove to be highly relevant for the research topic. The inclusion of too much information proved to make the paper generic in nature to a certain extent rather than focusing on the link of information systems, information security management practices and h uman resource management practices. Meeting the word limit (i.e. 3000 words) of the paper also proved to be a challenge that led to the compromise of the quality of the content. Referencing is an important part of any academic writing process. The article lacked effect usage of in-text referencing at some places. I failed to adopt a critical analytical approach during some steps of the research study, instead ended up producing descriptive details about

Emily Dickinsons Success is Counted Sweetest Essay Example for Free

Emily Dickinsons Success is Counted Sweetest Essay Emily Dickinsons Success is Counted Sweetest has been penned in iambic trimeter with the exception of the first two lines of the second stanza. The poem highlights aphoristic truths that are universal. In the first stanza, Emily Dickinson endeavors to define the true essence of success. The general impression is that success can be counted by only those who have experienced it numerous times. Nevertheless, it is more precisely evaluated or counted by those who have never succeeded as they can apprehend its true value. In another poem, I Had Been Hungry, All the Years, Emily Dickinson writes that Hunger-was a way / Of Persons outside Windows- / The Entering-takes away-. For the true experience of life, failures are inevitable. For, what we learn from our failures, success can never teach us. The alliteration with the repetition of the s sound lays emphasis on success. Success also tastes sweeter to the person who has persevered very hard for it, than to a person who has found success effortlessly. The former is also more thankful to God, and cherishes his accomplishment. The word nectar here implies water. However, it is perception that renders it nectar. To the thirsty ones with parched throats, a drop of water tastes as sweet as nectar. Here sorest is utilized with reference to its old meaning ,that is greatest.Only the one in the direst need, can treasure any sort of sanction. Not one of all the purple host Who took the flag to-day Can tell the definition, So clear, of victory! Some people define success by virtue of positions that they acquire and assume in life. The poetess asserts how none of the purple leaders who took the flag to-day could describe what victory actually meant. The act of victory in such a stance of winning a battle is limited to the act of taking away a flag. It also points to the worldly act of hoisting a flag. Arundhati Roy in The End of Imagination toys with the word successful.She echoes how the meaning of the word successful depends upon perception. For instance,a soldier who dies at war is deemed by others to be unsuccessful.Roy points out that it does not necassarily mean that the soldier is in any way unfulfilled. The poetess highlights the word to-day to underline the presentness and transiency of the situation. Purple is the colour of royalty because the fine clothes/robes of kings and emperors were dyed purple; and also connotes blood. It was the trend that dynasties ruled over some countries .Being born to a royal family, one could never realize how difficult it was to achieve that position as it naturally came to them as a heirloom .Shakespeare said: Some are born great, some achieve greatness, and some have greatness thrust upon em. (Twelfth Night Quote Act ii. Scene 5.)Of these,only those who achieve it comprehend its worth according to Dickinson. As he, defeated, dying, On whose forbidden ear The distant strains of triumph Burst agonized and clear! In the above lines, the poetess exemplifies the frenzy of success, that one loses consciousness in. He loses the ability to evaluate himself objectively. In such a context, the person who loses the battle and is dying can perceive it better. The dying mans ears are not forbidden. The figure of speech utilized here is a transferred epithet .Rather what is forbidden to his ears is the sound of success, as he belonged to the defeated side. He is successful in that he can realize the futility of war, and the meaningless of success as the speaker in Wilfred Owens Strange Meeting does. The word strain in strains of triumphs may be used as a pun in the above phrase. Here,the victory may also be strained. The idea of distance and defeat is suggested by the alliteration of the d sound. Moreover, the one who is caught in the noise and fury of success cannot ,in fact hear its sound. The one who serenely lies away can perceive it better. It does not manifest itself subtly, but does Burst agonized and clear! Rukhaya, M. (2012, October 07). Poetry analysis: Emily dickinsons success is counted sweetest. Retrieved from http://voices.yahoo.com/poetry-analysis-emily-dickinsons-success-counted-

Human Rights Violations :: Human Rights Essays

Human Rights Violations in Afghanistan Since the departure of the Soviets from Afghanistan basic human rights of the Afghanistanis have not just been trampled on but summarily done away with. After the widespread destruction of the power struggle, the ruling party, the Taliban, have committed atrocities against the people of Afghanistan that few would believe still exist in the world today. Especially targeted are the Shiite minority and the women of Afghanistan. Despite every effort of the Taliban to limit reporters and documentation of the crimes being committed, there is tremendous information being made public worldwide. The violations present a unique situation in the world and command reaction from the world at large. http://www.tabloid.net/1999/01/21/taliban_990121.html : Tabloid news services - Kabul, Afghanistan What has become norm these to Afghanis are straight out of a horror movie for most of the civilized world. The Taliban regime has enacted their own form of justice under the banner of Islam. This news piece from the capital tells of a typical day of sentencing, severed hands and feet of thieves hanging in the busiest part of the town to serve as a warning to others. One of the most unique punishments is for the sodomists. The presumed guilty stands in front of a wall, which is bulldozed on him while a crowd watches. **http://my.rawa.org/rawa.html Rawa, the Revolutionary Association of the Women of Afghanistan, was started under the Soviet rule. These women campaigned against the atrocities of the Soviets and brought to public view their heinous crimes. Since their departure this group has enlarged its scope to include resistance to the fundamentalists as well as the mistreatment of the women and girls of Afghanistan. The Taliban have been especially cruel towards women since they believe women should not be allowed to work or go to school. Women and girl who still pursue these goals are frequently stopped by the morality police and beaten or worse. The Rawa org. is doing an incredible job exposing these violation under their harsh circumstances. http://www.rawa.org/herat-p.htm In May of 1999, the Taliban suppressed a coup by the Iran backed Hezb-e-Wahdat(shiite group). After the confrontation, they thought it would be prudent to seek out all of the Hazaras Shiite minority living in Herat. The Taliban went on an armed house-to-house search of the entire town.

The Aeneid and the Glory of Rome

Between 43 and 32 BC Rome was split up through the second triumvirate upon the death of Caesar. The triumvirate was a way to split the military and political power because the senate feared that they would once again fall under a dictatorship, which is the ultimate reason Julius Caesar was murdered. Civil war broke out in Rome between the Octavian and Mark Antony, but Antony was defeated in 31 BC in the battle at Actium (Joe). Octavian, later renaming himself Augustus, was the emperor in Rome, a city with a new beginning. With his new power Augustus reorganized the military and political power. He also began to design a program to create buildings like those in Athens (Joe). Perhaps his most notable achievement was commissioning Virgil to write, The Aeneid. Virgil, born October 19 in 70 BC, was and still is regarded as the best poet in Rome (â€Å"Virgil†). As a citizen in Rome Virgil felt a sense of relief when the civil war had ended and like the rest of Rome was extremely grateful to Augustus for making this possible. Augustus wanted to return Rome to their previous traditions and remind the republic of their moral values that were once highly regarded. These values included bravery, family devotion, duty, and responsibility. Virgil wanted to model his epic poem after those that were so famous in Greek literature, The Iliad and The Odyssey and also present Aeneas as the ideal Roman citizen (â€Å"Virgil†). In his epic poem Virgil tells the story of Aeneas and his journey from Troy to Italy, where he was destined to found Rome (Sparknote Editors). The glorification of Rome is shown throughout the story of Aeneas. Virgil begins his story introducing Aeneas and exemplifying the moral value of duty when he says, â€Å"I sing of warfare and a man at war. From the sea-coast of Troy in early days He came to Italy by destiny, To our Lavinian western shore, A fugitive, this captain, buffeted Till he could found a city and bring home His gods to Laetium, land of the Latin race, The Alban lords, and the high walls of Rome. Tell me the causes now, O Muse, how galled†¦ To undergo so many perilous days and enter on so many trials. Can anger black as this prey on the minds of heaven (Virgil 930)? † These lines discuss his journey that is his destiny. Virgil’s usage of the phrases â€Å"bring home† and â€Å"his gods† are representative of Aeneas’ duty and responsibility to Rome and the Roman Gods. â€Å"To undergo so many perilous days and enter on so many trials,† shows how Aeneus will make this journey no matter how hard it may be. Another moral displayed in The Aeneid is family devotion and duty. In book two Virgil describes Aeneas’s departure from Troy with his father on his back, â€Å"Did you suppose, my father, That I could tear myself away and leave you? Unthinkable; how could a father say it? Now if it pleases the powers about that nothing. Stand of this great city; if your heart Is set on adding your own death and ours To that of Troy, the door’s wide open for it. † This quote shows how dutiful Aeneas is to his father Anchises because he would not leave his father and would do anything to get him to safety. An example that is a little more extreme in promoting the glory of Rome comes in book IV when Virgil writes, â€Å"Roman, remember by your strength to rule Earth’s peoples—for your arts are to be these: To pacify, to impose the rule of law, To spare the conquered, battle down the proud† (Virgil ). This is from the speech that Anchises gives Aeneas and Virgil uses this as a way to voice the values that he thinks Rome should stand on. The speech can be labeled as propaganda and is one of the first clear examples of propaganda in the epic poem. Another clear example of propaganda comes in Book IIV when Vulcan makes the shield of Aeneas. On this shield is a scene of the Battle at Actium and Augustus is depicted conquering Cleopatra. This leaves the impression on readers that Augustus was the clear victor in the battle and his ideals and rule shall be the one that Rome follows. To understand if The Aeneid is written as propaganda you first need to recognize what propaganda is. As listed in the Merriam-Webster dictionary propaganda is, â€Å"ideas, facts, or allegations spread deliberately to further one's cause or to damage an opposing cause. † Following this definition the author of this paper believes that The Aeneid is propaganda. The first reason this epic poem is propaganda is because Augustus wanted to tell the story, so he appointed Virgil to write the story and set the standards for the style it was to be written in. The only line that is unclear is who is actually telling the story. It is never mentioned in history whether Augustus told Virgil what to say or if these are the ideals and opinions of Virgil himself. The example given about the depiction of the Battle of Actium on Aeneas’ shield directly follows the definition of propaganda because it is showing the battle which is fact, but skews it to be in the favor of Augustus. It also helps to damage the opposing cause of the Triumvirate and helps to unify Rome. This story is also propaganda because of the traits seen in Aeneas. Aeneas displays all of the qualities that Augustus and the Roman people believe Romans should have. These qualities include the moral values of responsibility, duty, family devotion, and bravery. Augustus was extremely smart in his appointing Virgil to write the epic poem The Aeneid. It set out exactly what he intended it to do, which was to follow the Greek format of The Odyssey to give Romans their own story. It glorified Rome and was propaganda in the ideals and facts that were spread to further Rome’s cause.

Community Nursing Essay

Community as partner model To gain access to the community, the community must: -Perceive that a need exist -Believe that the CHN can help address this need -Perceive that its information and contributions are valued -Be assured of confidentiality for non-public information -Be involved from the beginning in this partnership Compare Neuman System Model & Community as Partner Model -the inner circle represents the community -the dotted circles represents resistance -spiritual, psyschosocial, physiological -the other circles represents line of defence Look up Appendix 11 Community as a partner looks at the 8 sub groups, and if one of them is distorted; everything will also be impacted. Determinants of health and community The determinants of health relevant to the community -chn need to consider the determinants of health that might exists in their community, such as crime, social and physical environments, education level, socio economic status, poverty. WHY? -Every community that you go to has individuals strengths and crisis, as the chn investigate a community Assessing acommunity -Structure -Population -Social system Structure (locale) ï‚ §Name of community/ neighbourhood ï‚ §Geopraphuc boundaries ï‚ §Environment ï‚ §Water and sanitation ï‚ §Housing ï‚ §Economy Population (people) ï‚ §Age distribution ï‚ §Sex distribution ï‚ §Growth trends ï‚ §Density ï‚ §Education level ï‚ §Predominant cultural and religious groups Social System ï‚ §Education system ï‚ §Government ï‚ §Communication system ï‚ §Transportation system ï‚ §Welfare system ï‚ §Volunteer programs ï‚ §Health system Assessing the community: -What are some common health needs of communities -Vulnerable populations -Poor and homeless clients -Risk takers -Client with chronic illness -Woman and girls -Youth -Elderly Community assessment -A logical, systematic approach to -Identifying community -Strengths, resources, assets, capabilities, and opportunities -Clarifying/ validating concerns – community leaders -Identifying the constraints: the economic, political, and social factors, and the determinants of health Why collect data? -Goal is to acquire usable info. About the community; its concerns, strengths and problem Assessing the community -Gathering data: the process of obtaining existing, readily available data, such as age and gender of residents oHow do we collect data ï‚ §Information interviews ï‚ §Focus groups ï‚ §Participants observation ï‚ §Windshield surveys ï‚ §Secondary analyses of existing data ï‚ §Surveys Windshield survery (pg. 257) -Core elements oHistory oDemographics oEthnicity oValues and beliefs -Subsystems oPhysical environment oHealth and social services oEconomic theory oTransportation oPolitics and govt oCommunication oEducation oRecreation Assessment issues/ barrier (pg. 258) -A chn from outside the community- gaining entry or acceptance is a major hurdle to assessment oStrategies or overcome? -As a CHN â€Å"member of the community† what barriers might be present. How would you deal with this? Identifying community health concerns -Each health concern uncovered by data collection and analyst must Planning Phase -The chn seeks to clarify the nature of the concern, the points at which intervention might be undertaken, and the parties that have an interest in the health concern and its solutions. -Perception oWhat is the nature of the concern oWhat factors contribution to the health concern? oWhat is the possible outcome of the concern? oWhat are the relationships between or affect of other health concerns? ï‚ §Teenage pregnancy: infant malnutrition: hooking them up with education Setting health concern priorities: -6 helpful ranking criteria are: oCommunity awareness of the concern oCommunity motivation to resolve or better manage the concern oCHN’s ability to influence the solution.- you need to be realistic oAvailability of expertise to provide a solution oSeverity of the outcomes if the concern is not resolved oHow quickly the health concern can be solved Establishing goals and objectives -Goals are broad Implementation -Work and activities aimed at achieving the goal oChange agents oDuring this phase ask: for each situation who will implement? CHN, community group involved, individual oHow should the CHN use her knowledge, skills, and position? Many roles=role model, analyst, expert, advisor, educator, advocate. oWhat is the ultimate CHN goal? To change the community for the better, empowerment, education, moving them to solve their own problems The nurse’s role depends on: -The nature of the health problem, -The community’s decision making ability -And professional and personal choices -The social change process and how receptive the community is to CHANGE. -SNOW BALL EFFECT: influence the pro change in the community and the rest will follow. Evaluation = the appraisal of the effect Evalution phase: outcomes measures answer questions about the results of the intervention -Has the health conc3ern has resovled? -Has the health risk been reduced? -(for example compare -SAFETY be aware of your surrounding, watch your own back; develop trusted partners in the community -population -Data generation: the process of developing -Database analysis

United colours of Benetton essays

United colours of Benetton essays UNITED COLOURS OF BENETTON TOSCANIS ADVERTISING CAMPAIGNS Over the years, advertising has become the single largest source of visual imagery in our society. No matter where we look, we see advertisements trying to sell us everything from food to cars. We often see images of beautiful people enticing us to spend our money on products we think we need, hoping that by purchasing the product we too will reap the benefits of owning it. Not long ago however, an Italian clothing designer named Luciano Benetton changed the face of advertising forever by employing Oliviero Toscani as chief of advertising at Benetton. Instead of showing Benettons products in its advertisements, they have chosen to show images related to important world issues in an apparent attempt to raise awareness. In this essay, I shall discuss the social and cultural implications of Benettons advertisements to discover why they have become so criticised and whether or not they are beneficial to society today. It was in 1989 that Benetton became the first company to eliminate pictures of its products from its advertisements. In their place, Benetton uses powerful images of AIDS victims, racism, war and now even death row inmates. In the same year, the trademark United Colours of Benetton was officially adopted. The campaign trademark and philosophy is the result of the combined efforts of company president Luciano Benetton and photographer Oliviero Toscani. Benetton and Toscanis personal ideas and perspectives on advertising have since become very similar with Benettons corporate image. Toscani is in fact only interested in the world and people. Toscani, who has a long history in dealing with art, was given total control over Benettons advertisements. His decision to completely remove the product from the advertisements stems directly from his beliefs about the problems of contemporary ad...

Social Identity Essay Example

Social Identity Essay Example Social Identity Essay Social Identity Essay Social Identity From Encyclopedia of Women and Gender: Sex Similarities and Differences and the Impact of Society on Gender l. Conceptions and Definitions II. Types of Social Identity Ill. Multiplicity and Intersectionality V. Aspects of Social Identity V. Assessing Social Identity VI. Development and Change VI. Negotiating Social Identities Glossary Intersectionality The condition in which a person simultaneously belongs to two or more social categories or social statuses and the unique consequences that result from that combination. Minimal group paradigm An experimental procedure for creating social identity conditions in which articipants are arbitrarily assigned to one group or another. Social representations Commonly shared and collectively elaborated beliefs about social reality held by members of a culture or subculture. Stereotypes Organized, consensual beliefs and opinions about specific categories or groups of people. SOCIAL IDENTIFICATION is the process by which we define ourselves in terms and categories that we share with other people. In contrast to characterizations of personal identity, which may be highly idiosyncratic, social identities assume some commonalities with others. This chapter introduces several key issues surrounding social identity, including form and content, assessment, development and change, and identity negotiation. I. Conceptions and Definitions Identity is a term that is widely used and, as a consequence, can mean many different things to different people. Identity is sometimes used to refer to a sense of integration of the self, in which different aspects come together in a unified whole. This intrapsychic emphasis is often associated with Erik Erikson, who introduced the term identity crisis as part of his stage model of psychological development. Another common use of the term, particularly in contemporary times, is identity politics, where the reference is typically to different political positions that are staked out by members of ethnic and nationality groups. In this article, the term social identity refers specifically to those aspects of a person that are defined in terms of groups, only some of those groups are meaningful in terms of how we define ourselves. In these cases, our self-definition is shared with other people who also claim that categorical membership, for example, as a woman, as a Muslim, as a marathon runner, or as a Democrat. To share a social identity with others does not necessarily mean that we know or interact with every other member of the designated category. It does mean, however, that we believe that we share numerous features with other members of the category and that, to some degree, events that are relevant to the group as a whole also have significance for the individual member. As an example, a person who defines herself as a feminist is more likely to be aware of legislation regulating abortion, more likely to have read books by Betty Friedan or bell hooks, and more likely to be aware of salary discrepancies between omen and men than is a person who does not identify as a feminist. Many forms of social identity exist, reflecting the many ways in which people connect to other groups and social categories. In our own work, we have pointed to five distinct types of social identification: ethnic and religious identities, political identities, vocations and avocations, personal relationships, and stigmatized groups (see Table l). Each of these types of social identification has some unique characteristics that make it somewhat different from another type. Relationship identities, in particular, have some special features. To be a mother, for example, can imply a sense of shared experience with other people who are mothers. Sometimes particular aspects of these experiences can be defined even more finely, as in Mothers Against Drunk Drivers (MADD). At the same time, the identity of mother implies a specific role relationship with another person, a relationship that is unique and grounded in ones own personal experience with that other person. Other social identities can be defined more generally, tied not to any individual but to a generic group. Thus to identify as a doctor, for example, implies a shared definition with ountless others, many of whom you may not know anything in particular about. Another defining characteristic of occupational identities is that they are chosen by the person (what is sometimes called an achieved status). In contrast, social identities such as ethnicity or gender are ascribed categories, given to one at birth. Social identities also differ in the status or value that is attached to them. In Table l, for example, the stigmatized identities stand apart from the other types of social identity, all of which are typically regarded more positively. In the original study that defined he categories presented in Table l, gender was clustered together with other relationship identities in the final statistical solution. Certainly it is true that many relationships are gendered in their definition and implications (as are many occupations as well). However, because of the importance and centrality of gender in our lives, it is often considered as a category in itself. Similarly, sexual orientation can be classified as one form of a relationship identity, but it often has greater prominence than other relationship identities. To understand more about the nature f social identity, let us consider three identities in more detail: gender, ethnicity and Ethnicity and religion Asian American Jewish Southerner West Indian Political affiliation Feminist Republican Environmentalist Vocations and avocations Psychologist Artist Athlete Military veteran Relationships Mother Parent Teenager Widow Stigmatized identities Person with AIDS Homeless person Alcoholic A. GENDER IDENTITY Ones gender-most typically as a man or woman-is one of the most frequently mentioned identities when people are asked to describe themselves, and it is also ne of the categories most often used by others to describe us. Similarly, the development of gender identity (see Section VI) has been a central topic for developmental psychologists. Because gender is such a fundamental category, it is perhaps not surprising that a great many meanings and implications are associated with gender. Personality traits (e. g. , being competitive or being aware of the feelings of others), role behaviors (e. g. , taking care of children or assuming leadership roles), physical characteristics (e. g. , having broad shoulders or a soft voice), and a host of ther associations can be leadership roles), physical characteristics (e. g. , having broad shoulders or a soft voice), and a host of other associations can be linked to gender categories. [See SOCIAL ROLE THEORY OF SEX DIFFERENCES AND SIMILARITIES. At the same time, many investigators believe that it is not useful to think of gender as a single social category. Rather, many have argued for a concept of gendered identities, which recognizes the multiple social identities that may be influenced by ones gender. As noted earlier, both occupations (e. g. , nurse) and relationships (e. g. wife) often have gender implications. Similarly, a persons identity as a woman may differ radically depending on whether she views herself as a feminis t or as a more traditional type of woman. Thus, in adopting a perspective of gendered identities, one acknowledges that multiple identities are shaped by ones gender, and that social identities can intersect and overlap with one another. B. ETHNIC AND NATIONAL IDENTITIES For many people, ethnicity is a central element of self-definition and becomes an important social identity. In the past, social scientists categorized human beings in erms of basic racial categories, such as Asian, Caucasian, and Negroid. With increasing awareness of the arbitrary nature of the social construction of race, these categories are less frequently used. More common today is categorization on the basis of ethnicity, defined in terms of culture, language, and country of origin. Works by theorists such as William Cross on African American identity exemplify the approach to this form of categorization and identification. Nationality can be closely linked to ethnic identity, but it often represents a distinct way of identifying oneself. In Finland, for example, being ethnically Finnish and being a citizen of Finland are highly overlapping bases of identification. In contrast, in the United States one can have an identity as an American and at the same time hold an identity (often hyphenated) as an African American, an Asian American, a Latino, or a West Indian. Like most identities, national identities are flexible and subjectively defined. People claim. Often second-generation immigrants, for example, feel a pressure to choose between maintaining an identity with their country of origin and developing a new identification with the host country. These two bases of identification can have quite different meanings for friendship networks, social and cultural activities, and even marriage and family. Yet at the same time, it is increasingly recognized that people are not necessarily required to choose between one of two mutually exclusive identities, but may instead maintain dual identification or may use the two sources of identity as the basis for a new emergent form of social identification, for example, as a bicultural person. Like gender, the analysis of ethnic and national identity is more complex than it sometimes first seems. C. SEXUAL ORIENTATION Many people use sexual orientation as a central category of social identification. As is often the case, members of the minority group-in this case, gays and lesbians-are more likely to give prominence to this social identification than are members of the dominant majority group-in this case, heterosexuals. Many analyses of gay and lesbian identification have posited stage models of development, describing the processes by which people come to recognize and then to endorse their sexual orientation. These models take into account the evidence that many individuals do not become aware of their sexual preferences until adolescence or later. At the same time, stage models are often criticized, both for assuming invariant sequences in the development of the gay/ lesbian identity, as well as for assuming that the process works in the same way for gays and for lesbians. Far less work has been done in defining a heterosexual identity, in part because it is less frequently referred to by those who might see themselves that way (although heterosexuality per se has certainly been studied widely). A critical aspect of the gay and lesbian identity is that it is, in some segments of society, a highly stigmatized identity, a characteristic that is hared with some ethnic and religious identities. The experience of prejudice and discrimination that gays and lesbians face makes the process of social identification a particularly difficult one at times, as the positive values that one typically associates with ones own group are not shared by the society at large. Identification in terms of sexual orientation also illustrates well the overlapping nature of identity categories, particularly with gender. It is easy to talk in terms of multiple identities, for example, having separate identities as a woman, a lawyer, a spouse, a mother, a roller blader, and so on. In fact, several theoretical traditions within psychology and sociology, including role theory and symbolic interaction, encourage us to think in terms of these distinct groups. In contrast, theories emanating from personality psychology, such as that of Erik Erikson, focus on the possibilities for integrating multiple identities into a single identity. Indeed, within that particular tradition, the successful resolution of potential conflicts among identities is seen as a criterion of the healthy personality. Each of these positions involves its own conceptual challenges. For those who favor hen these identities relate to one another. Are there points of overlap among identities? Can identities be represented in some form of hierarchy, with more important or more encompassing identities at the top and other less central or more specific identities at the bottom? For those who favor the integrative position, the questions concern how integration is achieved and whether a single identity, defined as the integrated sum of various component identities, can be predictive of more domain-specific behaviors. Another perspective on this issue is to consider the intersectionality among various ocial identities. Intersectionality is a term introduced by critical legal theorists to refer to the specific conditions that exist when one holds two or more social statuses. ntroduced by critical legal theorists to refer to the specific conditions that exist when one holds two or more social statuses. Often discussion has focused on the intersections of race and gender, exploring what it means, for example, to be a Black female as opposed to being a Black male or a White female. Gender, it is argued, does not necessarily carry the same meanings for members of different ethnic roups. Similarly, ethnicity may be experienced differently for women as compared to m en. At the same time, proponents of intersectionality suggest that it is not possible to clearly distinguish between experience that is related to race and experience that is related to gender. Rather, the conditions are inextricably bound together in the individuals life. Many investigations have shown the importance of considering different configurations of social categories. Often, the particular confgurations and the importance of one versus another identity may change over time as well, eminding us that identity is a dynamic rather than static process. Taken to the extreme, of course, the notion of intersectionality could be problematic if all possible intersections needed to be considered at all times. More likely, however, there are a limited number of key identity categories whose influence is sufficiently strong to combine with others and it is those intersections that investigators will want to study most closely. IV. Aspects of Social Identity A social identity is first of all a label or a category, a way of grouping a number of people together on the basis of some shared features. Beyond the labeling, however, ocial identity has many more implications, both for the persons who claim the social identity and for others who see them as members of particular categories. Thus the category label can in a sense be considered the frame for a painting that is rich in cognitive beliefs, emotional associations, and behavioral consequences. A. COGNITIVE ASPECTS The cognitive aspects of a social identity can be extensive and varied, including personality traits, social and political attitudes, and memories for identity-related events. Because social identities are developed and defined within a social world, many of these cognitions are shared. Indeed, some investigators talk in terms of self- stereotyping, suggesting that when one views the self in terms of a particular social Another way of talking about these shared definitions is to refer to the social representations of salient categories. Groups defined by gender, age, ethnicity, and nationality are all represented in the culture at large. There is often a consensus as to what best characterizes boys and girls, for example, or people from Australia or Turkey or Senegal. Consider the stereotype of woman, for example. Traits typically associated with the category of woman include being emotional, kind, understanding, nd helpful to others. More specifically defined types of women, such as a businesswoman, a feminist, or a housewife, carry other associations. These societally shared beliefs about a category can become part of ones own social identification with the category. However, people do not necessarily take on the whole set of associations that consensually define a category. From the general set of societal representations, people may adopt some aspects as relevant while not accepting others. In addition, people often create their own idiosyncratic definitions of what it means to be a particular type of person. Thus, the cognitive contents of a social identity are best conceived as a combination of socially shared beliefs and other attributes based on personal experience. [See GENDER STEREOTYPES]. B. EMOTIONAL AND MOTIVATIONAL ASPECTS In many cases, social identities include not only cool cognitions, but hot emotions as well. Thus to be a feminist or an environmentalist, for example, may entail strong, affectively based feelings about social equality or the preservation of the environment. Similarly, ethnic and national identities often carry deep emotional meanings. Consider the recent conflicts in the former Yugoslavia, among Serbs, Croatians, and Muslims; or the killings in Africa of Hutus and Tutsis; the troubles between Catholics and Protestants in Northern Ireland; and the continuing conflicts in the Middle East between Palestinians and Israeli Jews. In each case, identification with the ethnic group has a strong affective element that underlies the cognitive meanings associated with the identity. Eva Hoffman, a Polish writer who emigrated to Canada, conveys the intensity of affect that can characterize an ethnic identity in the following passage: The country of my childhood lives within me with a primacy that is a form of love All we have to draw on is that first potent furnace, the uncompromising, ignorant love, the original heat and hunger for the forms of the world. (Lost in Translation: A Life in a New Language, 1990, pp. 74-75) The recognition that identification has an emotional as well as a cognitive basis has a long history in psychology. Sigmund Freud, for example, described identification in terms of the emotional ties one has, first with a parent and later with members of groups (and especially with the group leader). Subsequently, social psychologists such as Henri TaJfel included the emotional significance of membership as part of ocial identification. Social identities also have a motivational basis. Particularly in the case of identities that people choose or achieve, specific that people choose or achieve, specific functions are believed to be satisfied by the choice of identification. Although the variety of functions served by social identities are numerous, it is possible to think about a few general types. First, social identity may serve as a means of self-definition or self-esteem, making the person feel better about the self. Second, social identification may be a means of interacting with others ho share ones values and goals, providing reference group orientation and shared activity. A third function that social identification can serve is as a way of defining oneself in contrast to others who are members of another group, a way of positioning oneself in the larger community. This functional basis of identification can both serve as the impetus for Joining a group, as well as become a defining agenda for group activity. C. BEHAVIORAL ASPECTS One reason why social identification is a topic of such high interest is because categorizations have implications for behavior. To the extent that one defines oneself n terms of a particular group, it affects the behaviors one enacts for oneself and the way one interacts with others who may be members of different groups. Early research on social identity by TaJfel and his colleagues emphasized the intergroup aspects of social identification. His research, which used a paradigm known as the minimal group, showed that it takes very little to create a sense of identification with one group and a consequent disfavoring of another group. In these simple experiments, people were assigned to be in a specified group on the basis of a preference for one painter over another, or on a bogus distinction between reference for green or blue, or even Just an arbitrary assignment as an X or a Y. With even this minimal and highly artificial basis for group identification, people will allocate rewards in such a way as to favor their own group and to disadvantage the other. But the behavioral implications of social identification go far beyond these simple experimental demonstrations. An increasing body of research shows that group identification has important motivational consequences, and that the identifications that one is assigned or chooses lead to relevant actions in a variety of domains, from olunteering for an organization to participating in social protest to choosing a mate. Not surprisingly, people who are more strongly identified with a particular group are more likely to carry out actions that are supportive of that group. [See INDIVIDUALISM AND COLLECTIVISM. Given the complexity and multifaceted nature of social identity, the question of how one assesses a social identity is important. Perhaps not surprisingly, given the ingenuity of social scientists, many different methods have been developed over the years. Disputes have also developed as to which approach is the best. Probably the implest way to designate a social identity is to assig n it arbitrarily, as is typically done in the minimal group experiments. Almost as simple is an approach in which can determine that a person is a woman, a professor, or an Asian American, it is possible to assume that the social identity is present. A problem for this assumption, however, is that social identity is more appropriately viewed as a subjective, rather than objective, state. Thus, while every student at a university can reasonably be called a student, it is not necessarily true that every student feels strongly identified with that category. Knowing how important or central an identity is to the person is necessary in order to predict how much the identity will influence the persons beliefs, emotions, and actions. To deal with this potential problem, many measures of identification have been developed in which the respondent is asked to indicate how important or unimportant a particular identity is. Social identity involves more than Just categorization, however. As suggested earlier, key features of social identification include sets of beliefs, emotional associations, and motivational considerations. Some investigators have developed more extensive uestionnaires to tap a variety of aspects of social identification. One issue in developing such measures is how generic versus how identity-specific they should be. A generic measure is one that can be used to assess any social identification, and thus it allows investigators to make comparisons between different social identities in terms of their strength or centrality. An item on this type of generic scale could be the following (this one taken from the Collective Self-Esteem Scale developed by Luhtanen and Crocker): Being a member of a social group is an important reflection of who I am. In this case, any specific social identity group could be substituted for the general term social group. A somewhat more specific form of identity assessment is the measure of ethnic identity developed by Jean Phinney. In this case, the scale was designed specifically to assess ethnic identity, as evidenced by items such as the following: l have a lot of pride in my ethnic group and its accomplishments and l participate in cultural practices of my own group, such as special food, music, or customs. Phinney suggests that this measure can be used to assess an y ethnic identification; thus it would be equally appropriate for an African American, a Cuban American, or a Vietnamese American. General measures such as these have the advantage of allowing the investigator to make comparisons between groups, using a common metric. At the same time, these all-purpose measures have been criticized because they do not get at the specific features of a specific identification. Within the area of ethnic identification, for example, the beliefs and experiences associated with being a Black American are probably different from those associated with being a Latino (or, more specifically, a Mexican American, a Cuban American, a Puerto Rican, etc. ). To capture these more unique aspects of social identification, some investigators have developed measures that are specific to a particular group. As one example, Robert Sellers and his colleagues created a measure of African American racial identity that includes both general measures of centrality and salience, as well as specific questions about racial ideology that are based on the African American experience (expressed in ideological philosophies specific questions about racial ideology that are based on the African American experience (expressed in ideological philosophies of nationalism, oppression, Other quantitative measures of identity reflect different theoretical traditions. From the perspective of Eriksonian models, for example, identity is assessed in terms of the attainment of integration among identities. Other theories, such as those that assume continuing multiplicity, suggest assessment techniques that speak to the structure and relationship among various identities. Seymour Rosenberg and Paul de Boeck have developed procedures that yield a visual representation of identity structure, showing how a persons identities are positioned relative to one another. Figure 1 illustrates such a structure. In this particular method, people are asked to list both the identities that are important to them and the attributes that they associate with each identity. Based on the degree to which identities are characterized by common attributes (and attributes are similarly applied to identities), a structure is determined in which some identities are more encompassing or superordinate (such as woman in this example) and others are more distinctive and limited (such as daughter or volunteer in this example). Daughter and sister appear together in this fgure because they are described by the same traits, i. e. , comfortable, relaxed, etc. Other identities are described in other ways, as the figure shows. This method of identity assessment uses sophisticated quantitative methods, but at the same time yields very individualized portraits. Figure 1 Example of an identity structure. A quite different approach to assessing identity relies not on quantitative measures, but rather on various qualitative forms of data analysis, including narratives and open-ended interview material. In this approach, the investigator is more willing to let the person herself define the domains in which identity is relevant and the dimensions by which it is characterized. Qualitative methods are generally more successful than strictly quantitative methods in providing a context for identity, allowing the respondent to relate themes of self to the historical and social events in which they developed and are played out. Qualitative assessment of identity has been particularly successful in exploring and highlighting conditions of intersectionality. By turning to the participants own narrative, the investigator is better able to appreciate the complex ways in which various identities may combine and overlap, as well as gain a sense of the ways in which those combinations may shift over time and place. Qualitative approaches are also a particularly useful way to enter worlds that may not be recognized and represented in more traditional approaches, which are often based on implicit norms that do not generalize. The sense of oneself as belonging to a particular category of people, or of being characterized by particular labels, begins quite early in life. In terms of gender identity, most investigators believe that between the age of two and three years children have a early in life. In terms of gender identity, most investigators believe that between the age of two and three years children have a sense of their gender. Gender identity is

Characteristics of Squamates Reptiles

Characteristics of Squamates Reptiles Squamates (Squamata) are the most diverse of all the reptile groups, with approximately 7400 living species. Squamates include lizards, snakes, and worm lizards. Two characteristics that unite the squamates. The first is that they shed their skin periodically. Some squamates, such as snakes, shed their skin in one piece. Other squamates, such as many lizards, shed their skin in patches. In contrast, non-squamate reptiles regenerate their scales by other means- for example, crocodiles shed a single scale at a time while turtles do not shed the scales that cover their carapace and instead add new layers from beneath. The second characteristic shared by squamates is their uniquely jointed skulls and jaws, which are both strong and flexible. The extraordinary jaw mobility of squamates enables them to open their mouths very wide and in doing so, consume large prey. Additionally, the strength of their skull and jaws provides squamates with a powerful bite grip. Squamates first appeared in the fossil record during the mid-Jurassic and probably existed before that time. The fossil record for squamates is rather sparse. Modern squamates arose about 160 million years ago, during the late Jurassic. The earliest lizard fossils are between 185 and 165 million years old. The closest living relatives of the squamates are the tuatara, followed by the crocodiles and birds. Of all living reptiles,  turtles  are the most distant relatives of the squamates. Like crocodilians, squamates are diapsids, a group of reptiles that possess two holes (or temporal fenestra) on each side of their skull. Key Characteristics The key characteristics of squamates  include: most diverse group of reptilesexceptional skull mobility Classification Squamates are classified within the following taxonomic hierarchy: Animals Chordates Vertebrates Tetrapods Reptiles Squamates Squamates are divided into the following taxonomic groups: Lizards (Lacertilia): There are more than 4,500 species of lizards alive today, making them the most diverse group of all squamates. Members of this group include iguanas, chameleons, geckos, night lizards, blind lizards, skinks, anguids, beaded lizards and many others.Snakes (Serpentes): There are about 2,900 species of snakes alive today. Members of this group include boas, colubrids, pythons, vipers, blind snakes, mole vipers, and sunbeam snakes. Snakes have no limbs but their legless nature doesnt stop them from being among the worlds most formidable reptilian predators.Worm lizards (Amphisbaenia): There are about 130 species of worm lizards alive today. Members of this group are burrowing reptiles that spend most of their life underground. Worm lizards have sturdy skulls that are well suited for digging tunnels.

Environmental Impact Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Environmental Impact - Essay Example This paper illustrates that in making the judgments on the various broad impacts identified in the preceding section, it was considered that two major impacts – that on human beings and on the flora and fauna – were of equal importance: the first, because of their direct impact on humans at present, and the second, because of their protracted impact well into the future that will affect succeeding generations of humans and the ecology and biosphere of the broader environment. The significance criteria employed in the following discussions were adapted from the United Nations University EIA Significance Criteria. The subsequent explanation based on the criteria, the mitigation measures, and the residual impacts follow thereafter. a. Effects on human beings, buildings and man-made features Significance Criteria 1) Disturbance to human settlements 2) Adverse effects on safety 3) Adverse effects on human health 4) Loss of areas or environmental components that have cultural , recreational or aesthetic value; 5) Disturbance to economic activities 6) Increase in ambient and peak noise levels. Disturbance to human settlements Traffic is expected to increase significantly in five major areas, but there currently is a good amenity for the Gipsy Lane (180% increase in traffic) while Thurmaston Lane (105% increase) passes through the industrial environment. Sandhills Avenue, where traffic is expected to increase most (695% increase) has good amenity with adjoining free space which may later be factored in to accommodate the increase in traffic. For these three areas, and therefore the negative impact is not expected to be substantial.

Leadership Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Leadership - Assignment Example Basically leadership includes an influencing relationship between leaders and the followers intended for bringing real changes and optimal policy ramifications which perfectly reflects the shared purpose. By picking up one of the definition of leaderships from a wide variety the most applicable in this can be stated as a shared mindset which acts a representative of understanding a fundamental way of thinking about, perceiving and understanding the mechanics of the business environment of today’s world (Daft &   Lane, 2008, pp. 5-7). Leadership is even more significant in crisis situation. Helio Fred in his article, â€Å"Effective leadership response to crisis’’ states that the organization generally survives a crisis with reputation by the timeliness as well as the effectiveness of the response which heavily depends upon the strategic focus and implementation of the policies by the leaders of any organization (Garcia, 2006). The paper directs towards the exh ibition of leadership with respect to an organization in times of crisis situation and how the leadership maintain the pace of operation in difficult times and shows the way for future growth which will be highlighted in the subsequent sections. Problem statement & Discussions The positions of the leadership are established in the settings of the work of the organizations for the purpose of achieving the purposes for which their existence is omnipotent within a larger system. The crux of the paper lies with the notion of organizational leadership. In an organization, the processes of leadership are generally directed towards defining, establishing as well as translating the direction for their followers with the provision of the enabling the process for the achievement of the purpose. The operation of the leadership is vehemently attached to the continuous development as well as attainment of the goals within the organizations (Zaccaro & Klimoski, n.d.). The company which will be di scussed in this paper is Hewlett Packard better known as HP. HP is an American multinational corporation with its headquarters in Palo Alto, California. The sectors where the company caters are mainly small and medium sized businesses and large enterprises as well as customers in the government, health and educational sectors and the products delivered by this company are software, technologies, solution s and services (Hewlett-Packard Co, n.d.). In the time span of 1995- 1999, the company was facing several restraints like fierce competition from the traditional competitors as well as new competitors entering into the market. In the field of computer as well as corporate computer business the biggest rivals of HP were Dell and IBM. The company lacked performance in the sphere of technology as well as field of innovation and encountered slow pace of growth. The aftermath was that the company lost its competitive edge among its competitors unable to develop any path breaking strategy for growth. Another significant cause of the generation of crisis situation was that of the serious bureaucracy within the organization itself which practically paralyzed the day to day operation of the organization and initiated severe inefficiencies and heavy decline in sales (Hoopes, 2001, p.4). But the situation changed with the appointment of Carleton S. Fiorina as the new Chief

Discovering the American Past in World War 1 Essay

Discovering the American Past in World War 1 - Essay Example During World War 1, Great Britain and the Germans had navigational barriers. Blockades used by Great Britain were designed to cut central powers off from the war while Americans commercial vessels bonded by the Germans were stopped (Wheeler, Becker and Glover 133). Besides, detention and searching of German ships by the British navy was quite often. The Confinement of German vessels was to stop them from participating in the war and make them a vulnerable target. However, the president of the United States by then, Wilson, protested detention of Germans vessels by the British policy many times but gained no positive results. British navy thought, giving in to the presidents’ demand, would have deprived them their principal military asset as the British army. The presence of the Germans during the war highly gained recognition and feared by the Americans. They perceived the Germans as strong and well-equipped people who would have changed everything and won the war against them . In addition, the Germans blockade was more dangerous since majority of American trade was with France and England. Therefore, the Americans did not trade with Germans, and this could have accelerated their war against the Americans. During the war, different emotions developed within the participating parties of the war. The emotions had to be controlled by the development of propaganda to enable unity of multiethnic and pluralistic society that was behind the war. Moreover, publicity attracted the sufficient number of men in the army services to elicit universal civilian support for the men. Additionally, propaganda assisted in influencing civilians to help was efforts by purchasing war bonds and other actions (Wheeler, Becker and Glover 136). Wheeler, Becker and Glover argue that, in achieving the control of emotions during the war, it entailed propaganda techniques advancement alongside extreme care (138). The propaganda had to attain two features in enabling emotion control and calmness.   First, it was to ensure the portrayal of Allied and American service members as the best and, second, the representation of enemy in the worst possible manner.  

Test runs and pilot experiments on a carbon capture plant Literature review

Test runs and pilot experiments on a carbon capture plant - Literature review Example This project focuses on the physical absorption of carbon dioxide. The objectives of the project are as follows: 1. Understand the basic processes occurring in the plant for separating carbon dioxide from nitrogen 2. Become familiar with the plant (hardware, instrumentation and control systems). 3. Be able to prepare start-up and shut down instructions for operating the plant in a safe and efficient manner, taking into account that during transient conditions chemical plants are less safe than when they operate at steady state. 4. Develop an understanding of the relevant theory behind the operation of the pilot plant, e.g. Use of principles of heat transfer, mass transfer, and gas-liquid equilibrium. 5. Understand the effect of controllable system parameters on plant performance; and how to measure, control, and evaluate performance. Be able to plan a set of relevant experimental runs to collect the required data. 6. Analyse and present experimental data in a clear, concise and coherent form in the form of a brief individual report. 7. Work effectively and efficiently in a group to achieve a complex goal. In order for the success of the entire project, there were safety precautions that had to be adhered to; these are COMPULSORY safety precautions. The emphasis on the safety precautions is because there is a steam present in the plant and there are other potential dangers too, in the Pilot Plant Area. The paper presents the protection had to be worn at all times. ... The emphasis on the safety precautions is because there is a steam present in the plant and there are other potential dangers too, in the Pilot Plant Area. Given, the following protection had to be worn at all times: 1. A white laboratory coat 2. Goggles - may be removed in the control room. 3. A hard hat should be worn in the main areas of the plant. There are a number of pipes that can pose a danger to any exposed head. In addition, there are gantries surrounding the plant where things can fall! 4. A safety shower, situated at the right hand corner, in the main laboratory. This is seen as you enter the pilot plant. 5. Always think ahead; consider your own safety as well as that of others. 6. Must also sign into areas of the main control room. Methods and Materials The pilot plant consists of three absorption columns and one regenerator. The absorption columns are made out of acrylic plastic and have a height of 2.4 m and diameter of 0.1 m. Sampling points for the gas composition an d temperature are located along the sides of each column. Two columns are randomly packed with 16-mm Pall Rings and IMTP#15 and 1 column is packed with 4A Cempak structured packing. The structured packing sections were rotated 90" with respect to each other in the column. The absorption process was carried out in a counter-current mode of operation, whereby the feed gas composed of CO, air enters from the bottom of the column flowing upwards, and the prepared M U solution is pumped to the top of the column and flows downward by gravity. Treated gas exits via the top of the absorber and the rich MEA solution leaves at the bottom. The IMTP #15 and 16-mm Pall Ring packing’s were provided by Norton Chemical Process Products and the

Enlightenment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Enlightenment - Essay Example Firstly, Frederic II promoted enlightened absolutism where rulers were encouraged to make decisions based on enlightenment hence promoting rationality in formulation of rules. Through enlightened absolutism, Frederic II was able to modernize the Prussian civil society by reforming religious policies, judicial system and supporting arts and philosophers. Through these reforms, Prussian society witnessed toleration of religious diversity, incorporation of the noble category into the judicial system and economic growth since the noble stock could work in senior administrative levels and generate income. On the other hand, Joseph II also promoted the use of enlightened absolutism during his tenure. His leadership was aimed at making everybody in Hasburg lands to be satisfied despite the different social classes that existed. For instance, Joseph II implemented a program that gave the peasant class of people freedom from slavery. Joseph II also initiated legal reforms where he banned brutal punishments, death penalty and initiated equal treatment for all offenders. In addition, Joseph II introduced religious policies that tolerated diversity of religions in his region. Of more importance, Joseph II promoted education by making it compulsory for young boys and girls to attend schools. Further, Joseph II formulated a foreign policy that promoted expansion of his territory through colonization of other regions and trade. This meant that the society benefited in terms of increased resources from other regions. In conclusion, both Frederic II and Joseph II are said to have been enlightened leaders because their leadership incorporated principles of enlightenment. As a result, members in societies under their leadership benefited

Bonuses for performance vs no bonuses Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Bonuses for performance vs no bonuses - Essay Example On the contrary, I will assert in this paper that with the right attention to detail in the planning and implementation processes, the incentives that bonus pays offer will positively affect employee performance and that â€Å"increasing labor costs make your cooperative more competitive† (Vogt, 1995). I must clarify that the argument that the implementation of bonuses can encourage positive performance in employees is based on a well thought out bonus plan as the mere introduction of a bonus payout, without any regard for meticulous goal setting and research, may result to failure. The study conducted by Dan Ariely (2008) and his three colleagues prove this as they found, through an experiment wherein promise of payments were made for the participants to complete a series of cognitive tasks, that â€Å"the offer of a higher bonus led to poorer performance† (Ariely, 2008). They also found that participants who wanted to excel performed worse as the pressure got to them (Ariely, 2008). Thus, I must emphasize that before a bonus plan is implemented, the employers must first establish a clear objective and the nature and frequency of the bonus pay (PeopleMatters, 2004). These must also be clearly communicated to the employers (PeopleMatters, 2004). Furthermore, a comprehensive employee research must aso be conducted in order to ascertain whether the percentage of the effectiveness of the payout is high—this should take into consideration the stress and pressure factor that Ariely found to be an obstruction brought about by the participants pressuring themselves to excel in order to get the cash payout. Also, a time allowance must be made in order for the employees to attain substantial improvement (Canada, 2000). The positive results are not in any way claimed to be instantaneous. In this way, the risk for failure is minimized. Having clarified my premise, I will then discuss in the next section the evidences that strengthen the argument of this

Enlightenment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Enlightenment - Essay Example Firstly, Frederic II promoted enlightened absolutism where rulers were encouraged to make decisions based on enlightenment hence promoting rationality in formulation of rules. Through enlightened absolutism, Frederic II was able to modernize the Prussian civil society by reforming religious policies, judicial system and supporting arts and philosophers. Through these reforms, Prussian society witnessed toleration of religious diversity, incorporation of the noble category into the judicial system and economic growth since the noble stock could work in senior administrative levels and generate income. On the other hand, Joseph II also promoted the use of enlightened absolutism during his tenure. His leadership was aimed at making everybody in Hasburg lands to be satisfied despite the different social classes that existed. For instance, Joseph II implemented a program that gave the peasant class of people freedom from slavery. Joseph II also initiated legal reforms where he banned brutal punishments, death penalty and initiated equal treatment for all offenders. In addition, Joseph II introduced religious policies that tolerated diversity of religions in his region. Of more importance, Joseph II promoted education by making it compulsory for young boys and girls to attend schools. Further, Joseph II formulated a foreign policy that promoted expansion of his territory through colonization of other regions and trade. This meant that the society benefited in terms of increased resources from other regions. In conclusion, both Frederic II and Joseph II are said to have been enlightened leaders because their leadership incorporated principles of enlightenment. As a result, members in societies under their leadership benefited

Mao's China and Beyond Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Mao's China and Beyond - Essay Example At any point when a nation and its people are faced with times of change, such evolution can be hectic as it moves forward to approach whatever issues, would need to be handled. Each national party and their leader(s), along with the citizenry themselves, would have unique interpretations of what should and shouldn't be there.These changes can and often times do, take many shapes. Such as, resulting issues over social welfare, economic standing, along with the resulting political unrest that transpires alongside everything else. For the citizens of China, they would encounter ramifications of their own, as a result of the advancement of the Communist movement. Over time, the influence of the movement would be determined. According to Maoism, "Deliberate organizing of mass military and economic power was deemed necessary to defend the revolutionary threat, while centralization kept corruption under supervision," ("Communism", p.15). This in itself would appear to be a positive step, b ut only time would tell how much. Any nation, or civilization, possesses cultural structures, for which they would be proud of. The structures that would be set to distinguish themselves from one another and in the process, would act as a unifier for the general masses. From the social standpoint, "As with the New Culture movement, Mao believed that all vestiges of Chinese traditional culture needed to be overturned. These included hsiao, or filial piety, Confucianism, monarchism, ancestor worship, religion, and the authority of elders," (Hooker, p.2). The movement of Mao's ideology, would further be translated politically as well. In viewing the political philosophy set forth, it would appear as if a contradiction in meaning. When most view proposed democracy, they view it in terms similar, if not exact, to the present US structure of government. In essence of this, "Mao himself referred to "New Democracy" as "democratic centralism"," (Hooker, p.3). With every revolution, comes the hope of a new beginning and the progression from old ideas, to new and what may be seen as better ones. The problem would potentially be that, "Democratic centralism essence a dictatorship- "a dictatorship of all revolutionary classes," in Mao's words- power would be concentrated in the hands of a few in order to guarantee that all class interests are represented," (Hooker, p.3). In further study, it would be discovered that part of Mao's policy, would be making both the financial institutions and general industry more on a national scale. Also there would be re-allocation of land coming from the wealthier owners and going to those who would have been at the very bottom of the economic class system. After Mao assumed his power hold in 1949, he re-named the previously mentioned principle of democratic thinking that he saw as being new, to something called the People's Democratic Dictatorship. While the general idea would further go on to make mention of the strength of the people's convictions and what they wanted to be handled by the ruling government, it would still place power within one central force. Question: What was the historical context of the Hundred Flowers

Food Essay Essay Example for Free

Food Essay Essay Food. When people see or hear that word, many of them think of food as something that just keeps us healthy and alive. In my perspective that is true. But there is so much more to it than many people see. It is cultural, a tradition, and can have many different meanings. It can also be seen as edible art and a way to express yourself. To me, it is a way to get away from everything. As a child, I didn’t enjoy eating what my parents wanted me to. I was obsessed with sugary treat and that is almost the only thing I’d enjoy eating. Going to the dentist was always a pain because I was always scared of the dentist which till this day I don’t like going to the dentists. My mother would always think I would have a lot of cavities but to her surprise I never had any cavities as a child. But the bad side was, I would always get stomach aches because of the amounts of sugar I would eat. Even that wouldn’t stop my sweet tooth. As I got older I slowly realized that there are so many other foods that taste amazing! I would begin eating more and more foods that were different. And nowadays I love food! I eat everything that my mother will cook; I am not the same picky child as I was before. I not only love to eat food, but I love to cook as well. I’m definitely not an amazing cook but I still love it and it means a lot to me. Just give me a recipe and the ingredients and I will be fine. Just like anyone my age, I started off cooking small and easy foods. I would begin with cooking eggs, omelets, brownies and pancakes. And I would slowly make more and more types of food. For example I love cooking pasta and making sushi with my mother. It doesn’t seem like very high end kind of foods to make but it does the job well and tastes great and is healthy at the same time. Now that I am an adult, more is more expected from me from both my parents and my boyfriend. All three of them are making me learn to cook more and more because it’s something everyone my age should know how to do. Food is not only great tasting, but also is a stress reliever; a mood changer. Whenever I am feeling down, sad or maybe even bored I can always count on my kitchen because it isn’t going anywhere and is always there when I need it. Especially when I have an anxiety attack and I just want to be alone, I plug in my earphones, turn up my music and eat of course. It really helps me at home and helps me cope with being away from my boyfriend who is stationed on the other side of America and who just got home from Afghanistan. Just something about food that helps me feel better all the time. As a child I remember always watching my mother cooking and all. And just like every other child I always wanted to help because it would make me feel more grown up. So as awesome as my mother is, she would let me help her. Of course she gave me the easiest things to help her with. For example, if she was baking a cake she would let me crack the eggs, put in the butter, use the measuring cup to put in the right amount of flour. And she would even let me mix the batter too sometimes. When my mother would let me do all those things it made me feel so empowered and I felt like a responsible adult. As I got older, cooking had a special place in my heart. She would slowly let me make on my own, with her by my side of course. Making sure I’m doing it right. Till this day I remember always sneaking into the kitchen and steal some batter from the cake she was making and run off giggling. I would also sneak the chocolate she was using. Every time my mother bakes, I always have these memories. The house would always smell so good when she would cook. Food isn’t just plain and simple. It is unique and is almost fragile. While cooking even the smallest change in the recipe can change the taste of the dish dramatically. With spices especially it can change the food because if you put too little it won’t taste good, same if you out too much. You have to put in the perfect amount for it to taste good. Not only is the taste of the food good, but also the smell of the food while cooking is amazing. While cooking the smell of the food cooking just makes you want to eat it a lot more. When it comes to cooking, my mother is my biggest inspiration because no matter what is going on at home, when my mom fixes us some food; it of course doesn’t fix any of the problems but it does lighten the mood and helps us feel a little better. I’ve noticed that many arguments are when people are hungry or have an empty stomach. She absolutely loves cooking and it makes her happy and it’s the same for me as well. As I was younger, I would love to watch cooking shows where they compete over who can cook the best, also I would love watching the shows where they show a lot of cooking gadgets. Those shows always caught my attentions. Watching those shows just amazes me because of the things people can create with food, it’s just breath taking and makes me so happy! As for being Ukrainian and Polish, we h ave many different types of food that we make. In my culture we eat a lot of potatoes. Many people think it’s funny and weird that we eat a lot of potatoes but to me it tastes good and it is very healthy. We also make many different salads. Being Ukrainian and Polish and coming from a fairly large family, we eat a lot so it opens my eyes to many different types of food and makes me interested in trying everything. If I had to describe food in my perspective in the least amount of words I’d have to say that food to me is not just food, it’s a way I live my day to day life and what I create with food is not just to keep me stress free but is also a hobby and a way I keep people I know happy. Food isn’t just something we can just describe as a culture or what goes in our stomachs.

Lessons in Leadership in Demian Essay -- Demian Essays

Lessons in Leadership in Demian In Demian, Hesse uses a comparison to the Biblical story of Cain and Abel to convey his ideas about those who are different. The idea arises again and again, causing the reader to look at it from a very unique perspective. Through this comparison, the reader begins to see the mark of Cain as a positive symbol -- as the mark of those who would lead the world into the future of mankind, without fear. When Emil Sinclair first meets Max Demian, he sees that Demian is not like anyone he has ever known. Unconsciously, he views Demian as having a mark -- something that sets him apart from the others. Sinclair isn't sure if it is the adult-like manner in which Demian carries himself, or the vast store of wisdom and truth behind his eyes. Whatever this difference was, it was something that could not be denied. Demian -- almost immediately, upon meeting up with Sinclair -- tells the story of Cain and Abel with an entirely new perspective. This greatly upsets Sinclair's small world, in which the pious are always in the right, and the "sinners" are in the wrong. Sinclair finds himself both repulsed by and obsessed with this story. In Demian's version of the story of Cain and Abel, Cain was actually the better man of the two. Abel was described as being weaker, and therefore less necessary than Cain to mankind. Demian didn't doubt that this part of the story was true, but he put much less stock in the notion that Cain was then marked by God. Rather, in Demian's version, Cain was labeled by the society he was in. They were afraid of the "faintly sinister look" that ... ...is apparent, in everyday life, that people such as these exist. Throughout Demian, Hesse proves that those who bear the mark of Cain in Demian's Biblical interpretation are superior in nearly every way. They are innovative, brilliant, and strong enough to follow their own paths. Hesse provides a spark of something else, however, something that not every reader may pick up on. This spark is the inspiration to look into one's own soul, and to examine oneself in all honesty. The questions to be answered are these: "Who am I? Do I bear the mark of Cain?" Each answer will be different, but the point is not to be the same as others. The point is to see that one is different from all others, and to find the strength to walk forward, into the light of our future... As a leader, and not as a follower.

VIOLENCE IN THE MEDIA: DO WE REALLY CARE? :: essays research papers

The TV is designed to show images more than to go deeply into the information, where the written press takes the baton because it is a way for nature reflexively: the reading. The radio, in turn, has the gift of entertaining and to make reflect because of being a way that is transmitted, in general, live and that does not need the whole attention of the listener. The opposite thing happens in the television which audience is attracted by the magnets of the explosions, the fire, the pursuit, the shots, this means: scenes full of violence... it is enough to see to raise the "rating" of the newscasters when there are brutal notes compared with the information of the long speeches in political discussions considered boring because the image stays static in a certain speaker and lacks of dynamism. The TV is a way for the action, not the reflection. It is done to optimize the entertainment, it means, to be relaxing and to manipulate, not to think, not even to grow... This leads us to the following questions: Is the people who asks for violence?, or with what purpose the media offers it? The climate of hostility has been intensified?, or it is a faithful reflex of a social decomposition due to the unemployment, the shortage of money and the radical political changes through which the nations cross? Nobody knows the answers of these questions, but the television stays as the only window opened a world supposedly better. The addiction to the TV and the lack of communication in home prohibit the people the balanced development of their capability to have relationships and the acquisition of qualities as the ease, the good deal, the affability, the comity; the nobleness in the males and the thin sensibility in the women. The people who remain a lot of time in front of an electronic equipment, the TV or a computer, lose the necessary talents to be with other human beings and those people who shelter and construct themselves a perspective of the world across the television world, have much more hostile vision of the reality. For this reason, they behave with more hostility and less solidarity. The viewer has the trend to increase consuming and every time worse. He prefers being isolated; each one looks at the TV in his/her own place: father, mother, son and daughter.

The War on drugs Essay

The War on drugs has been ongoing in America for over 30 years, but it hasn’t been working out the way people thought it would be. I’m against the the â€Å"War† on drugs. The â€Å"War† on drugs is ineffective and needs to changed. The â€Å"War† on drugs needs to be changed because it costs the government way too much money. According to Havard’s Jeffrey A. Miron an economist, and doctoral candidate Katherine Waldock, in the U.S alone legalizing drugs would save roughly 41.3 billion per year in government expenditure on enforcement of prohibition (Bandow, 2011). This means that the government could save a lot of money if they would just stop the â€Å"War† on drugs. Alcohol and tobacco are more dangerous than some illegal drugs. According to Professor David Nutt of Britain’s Bristol University and colleagues, heroin, crack and crystal meth are deadliest to individual user, but when their wider social effects are taken into account, alcohol is the most damaging, followed by heroin and crack (Hunter, 2010). This means that more people are using alcohol than heroin or crack because of that alcohol has cause more damage to people; the governments just being hypocrites about the â€Å"W ar†, they’re fighting something that are less dangerous than the things that already are legal. The current drug laws promote additional crime. According to The Cato Institute’s David Boaz and Timothy Lynch, addicts commit crimes to pay for a habit that would be easily affordable if it were legal (Bandow, 2011). This mean that people are committing crimes to get the money so they can pay for the drugs at a high price in the black market. Overall the â€Å"War† on drugs hasn’t been helping people in the U.S at all. See more:  Capital budgeting essay Drug use may not be wise, and it could even cause death. However, the â€Å"War† on drugs has cause the U.S turn into a prison state, putting more Americans in prison each and everyday. According to Lisa Trei at Stanford University in 1980, about 2 million people in the United States were under some kind of criminal justice supervision. By 2000, the figure had jumped to about 6 million, the jump is largely attributed to the government’s ongoing war on drugs. The â€Å"War† is not stopping people from using drugs, just a program to watse money. If I was able to in charge of a country I would try to make drug use legal.  By having drugs legal the crime rate will drop because people can buy them legally for cheap money. I would also set an age limit on people that could use drug. This way kids will know when they grow up they will have a chance to try it, that will decrease youth drug use. Lastly, I would set a limit on how much people could buy. By setting this restriction drug use wont able to harm people as much as before. These laws could help out to country.

Nature of emotions Essay

Compare The Two of Us by Armitage and Havisham by Duffy, paying particular attention to how thoughts and feelings are presented. The two poems by Armitage and Duffy focus specifically on the destructive nature of emotions. The Two of Us focuses on the superficiality of possession whilst Havisham considers the deception of relationships. This brings about both of the speakers and poets feelings. The Two of Us deals with a comparison between two brothers who differ in terms of wealth and professions. There is also a moral to Armitage’s poem, which emphasises the idea that material goods will be useless in death. This means that the poem is thought provoking. On the other hand, Havisham concentrates on a female speaker who is angry and bitter about a failed relationship, most likely caused from an unfaithful partner. The poet explores themes of jealousy and violence, which gives an interesting twist on Duffy’s familiar theme of love. Nevertheless, the two poems have similarities in terms of perspective. They both employ the personal pronoun â€Å"I† which expresses the deep individual thoughts and feelings of the speaker. However, The Two of Us also involves the second person pronoun â€Å"you† to express a feeling of accusation and deep resentment. There are several differences in the structure of both poems. The Two of Us has a rhyme scheme, which mirrors the ‘I’ and ‘you’ of the poem. However, Havisham is written in free verse, which reflects the spontaneity of the speaker’s emotions. It also shows that the speaker is lacking control of her own feelings Therefore, The Two of US has a stricter structure to reinforce the divide between the rich brother and the poor one. There are similar aspects of thoughts and feelings in terms of imagery. Both employ colour imagery to depict specific emotions and moods, for example, the colour â€Å"gold† in The Two of Us has connotations of glamour and a degree of luxury. Havisham uses colour in a more traditional and stereotypical sense i. e. â€Å"dark green pebbles for eyes,† this illustrating the speaker’s envy. However, The two of us is written more uniquely; this shown through the cluster of similes in the fifth stanza; â€Å"Like I’m some cutting taken from the tree† â€Å"Like I’m some twig related to the root. † The speaker emphasises that they are actually related and could possibly be twins. There are also similarities and differences between the two poems in terms of language. Both use juxtapositions but for different purposes. In The Two of Us it provides a contrast between rich and poor whilst in Havisham in expresses her feelings for her lover, â€Å"Beloved sweetheart bastard. † However, both poems have unique features to portray thoughts and feelings. The pathetic fallacy in The Two of Us allows the reader to empathise towards the poor conditions the speaker lives in; † †¦ Rain to racket on the metal roof† The harsh sounding alliteration makes the weather seem a lot tougher and therefore the conditions he faces a lot tougher. This makes the rich brother a more unlikeable character because he has not helped the poor one. Havisham uses different language techniques to portray the message of the poem. The final stanza shows how hurt and upset the speaker is, â€Å"Don’t think that its only the heart that b-b-b-breaks. † This breakdown in language shows that the speaker is sobbing and been affected by the broken relationship. Overall, both poems are successful in presenting the thoughts and feeling of the speakers. They target specific emotions from the reader which aids in the reader understanding the poems.

HR information system Essay

Human resource Management is a fundamental part of an organization. The use of technology for the advancement of human resource management has risen extensively from the last decade. In today’s organizations technology greatly influences the managerial processes and techniques in the human resources department. Information Technology has proven itself useful in every area of human life. It is become essential for organizations around the world to use advanced technology in departments of development, maintenance recruitment and various others. The large range of applications provided by IT have become indispensable for any operation and have proven themselves a quality improving and time saving necessity for the organizations desiring development and success. In the human resources management, technology is not only responsible for bringing positive changes but it has also brought a number of issues and challenges for organizations. The most major challenge that a company faces in the process of adopting and implementing these technologies is the restructuring of the HR modules. It is important for the effective functioning of the technologies to be aligned with the HR functions. The creation of a correct management atmosphere is important for the existence of successful and authentic organizations. The research encompasses the challenges and issues that come in the path of organizations while implying IT techniques on HR functions. Research Question How does the implementation of IT effect the human resource management and what advantages or disadvantages an organization faces when applying programs such as SAP? Aim The aim of this research is to determine the use of information systems in order to integrate Information Technology in Human Resource functions and also to outline the role of software programs namely SAP in human resource management and how it is effective in accomplishing this merger between technology and various Human Resource areas. Objectives to Achieve the Aim 1. To outline the importance of introducing Information Technology in Human Resources. 2. To discuss how Information Technology affects the progress of human resource management. 3. To describe the role that SAP plays in implementing technology in human Resources. 4. To explain the processes by which SAP software influences the Human Resource functions of an organization. 5. To determine what are the aspects which ensure the success of the implementation of Information Technology techniques in Human Resource Management. 6. To review the benefits and drawbacks that comes with the introduction of information systems in human resources. 7. To determine the functions of Information Technology within an organization. 8. To identify the nature of challenges and problems that can come in consequence of applying Information Technology techniques across Human resource functions. 9. To study how by the help of several techniques and methods Human Resources can evade these issues and challenges . 10. To summarize how effective is a merger between human resource and information technology to an organization’s development. Background of Research The research is based on the fact that how much advanced technology has become an important part of the business world in modern times. It is not possible for organizations to function properly in any department without the assistance of Information Technology and the tools it provides. Manual methods of management processes and transactions in firms are fast dying and being replaced by faster and surer methods of achieving various tasks that are required to be done. The old techniques cannot compete in today’s fast paced world and every institute should be ready to make the reforms and accept the changes that are brought upon their implementations. They need to hire employees who are efficient in technological operations or familiar with the advanced equipment and take assistance from IT related training  courses like SAP to make their employees aware of the advancements made in the processes of managing every aspect in a company and making them proficient in bringing those methods in their practice to improve the company’s standards and boost its growth. Organizations which do not take advantage from this wave of technology and do not learn to balance on it are sure to be submerged in the growing rate of the use of technology. The Human Resource department has also not lagged behind in this technological advancement marathon. Most organizations have been using one form or other of Human Resource information system over the last decade. In a research conducted in 2002 it has been found that seventy percent of the organizations in Europe use Internet or Intranet to provide Human Resource services to employees. Surveys done in the United Kingdom alone in 2005 by the Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development revealed that seventy seven percent of companies use HRIS. In a similar research done by Cranfield School of Management in 2003 it found out an even higher number of companies, at eighty two percent, that use HRIS. A human resource information system is able to give various performances ranging from the simple storage of data and communication of information to the entangled process of transactions. With the advancement of technology the functions provided by HRIS have increased and enhanced. HRIS is designed and improved to be beneficial to the functions of Human Resources, line managers, and the entire organization on the whole. If an overall study is done without bias the use of Information Technology has more advantages than problems. It has brought speed, accuracy, efficiency and fewer chances of downfalls in company processes and most importantly has brought a decrease in HR costs. It has also made possible to make Human Resource information available to managers and employees, enabling them to perform uncomplicated human Resource tasks themselves. The implementation of HRIS in order to cut down the cost rates of a company to lessen the burden of transaction and administration on Human Resource functions can lead to a modification in the constitution of HR and allow the function to also play an strategic part in the company. There can be various reasons due to which a company introduces HRIS to influence its functions such as the need to bring improvement to company processes or reduce cost to bring developments in communication and the growth of customer services. Rationale of the research This research has been done to outline in detail to show how the advancement of technology has affected Human Resources. It has raised standards of recruitment, training, data storage and retrieval and performance management. Before the HR recruiting teams had to rely on the print material, namely newspapers, to post ads about jobs get applicants for positions that need to be filled. More methods like networking were also used but that prevented the human resource recruiters to post jobs on a number of locations and also there was no method to make the ads visible to millions of people. Technology has made the method of recruitment more effectual and makes a much greater impact on HR than the old techniques. Training methods have also improved due to technology. In the past years there was were no ways to come in contact of company information and training programs from far way locations. The training of HR workers in virtual classrooms enables trainers to train larger numbers of people than before. Data storage and retrieval has also had a positive effect by the technological advances. The virtual files are more easily accessible and flexible in matters of changing data according to the wish of the HR professionals. It has become easy to monitor the performance of employees and also to receive feedback from the employees for the progress of the organization. Literature Review Emma Parry (2010) determines in the Benefits of technology in Human Resources Management that the use of technology has grown considerably in the last few years in the Human Resource department. She enhances how the capabilities and performances in the Human resource have gown because of the introduction of HRIM. It leads to take Human resource management to a whole new level. It allows it to emerge with a strategic role after the implementation of HRIM. Johnson and Gueuta (2011) states in Transforming HR through Technology that human resources is becoming a more technology based pr0ofession over the years. In most companies people think of Human Resources department more as a portal than a person. According to the recent researches it has been determined that companies who properly use the technologies provided by Human Resources are far successful and advanced than the ones who don’t.  Julie Bulmash (2012) describes Human Resource technology has advanced over the past decade and discusses the importance of technology on the role of human Resource professionals. And how do they make the function of Human Resources much more efficient, smooth and speedy. Methodology: Methodology refers to the methods of collecting data that have been used in the research. Here it will be briefly explained what kind of data collecting methods have been applied and the reason behind choosing that type of method. This research will be using the qualitative research methods for the collection of data. Data collection Methods To employ the qualitative research approach the questionnaire method of data collection has been chosen. A questionnaire has been created in that method in order to collect data by providing the employee with a questionnaire and heshe are asked to answer the questions given. The questions can be multiple choices or open ended questions. They decide how exactly the analysis of job can be done. This approach is quite effective because people would carefully to put anything in writing without thinking. A questionnaire was given to the employees to determine their opinions on various topics such as Information Technology, hospitality, finance, manufacturing, retail, and defense. The feedback gave a clear view on which areas need to be worked on. Based upon it and a theoretical comprehension of the field of Human resources it became easier to point out the problems that should be discussed on the research and which haven’t been brought to light before. Qualitative research This method of research is a primary source of research. It is exploratory and is used in order to achieve comprehension of fundamental reasons, motivations and opinions. It gives insight to assess the nature of the problem or assist in building of ideas or hypothesis for the secondary research process or quantitative research method. Qualitative research is used also for uncovering of inclinations people’s thoughts or opinions and ponder harder to get to the root of a problem by that. The methods for qualitative data collecting vary according to the form of techniques used.  Whether they are structured or non structured. Conceptual Framework Human resources technology has evolved from the use of paper work and pencil to computers electronic databases and human resource information systems. Internet based technology has played an important role in enabling HR to decrease transactional activities and focus more on playing a strategic role in organizations. The main areas that HRIS system works on are recruitment, employee administration, pension administration, health and safety, data collecting, saving and organizing, compensation and benefits administration, management of the company, employment equity and payroll interface. The functions of HRIS are to create and organize records of employees, reporting of work performances, Hr planning and forecasting, and management of talent, strategic alignment and development of decision power. The role of HR workers has also changed considerably according to advancement of technology. The acquire proficiency now in Human resource technology and its delivery, personal credibility, and vast business knowledge. Current technology will continue to bring advancements in HR performances and will continue to focus on the value that HR brings to an organization. Conclusion The human resource sector has made numerous advances due to technology in the past era and will continue to do so with the changes that are brought by the constant upheaval in the IT world of making things more effective and fast than before. HRIS has made various areas of HR extremely accessible and successful in accordance to the fast paced world of today. The methods of recruiting employees, managerial organization, data storage, training of professionals and more areas have undergone major changes due to the integration of Information Technology in the world of Human Resources. If these changes haven’t been employed and training programs hadn’t been designed to create technological awareness and familiarity it would’ve been a big setback to organizations. It has risen the standards of professionals working in human resources and the organizations have been able to get productivity, creativity, innovation and progress in finances on a whole new  level. HR technology is still going through this evolution of technology as they must use newer and refined methods of generating an organization’s human capital. Human resources would need to continue adopting the latest technological trends in order to keep up with advancements and provide more efficient functions. It will need to use technology to redefine their areas in which they work to derive more productivity. The increment in the usage of portals and intranets and other virtual tools will bring a more great impact on Human resource performance in the near future. Bibliography Storey, J. (Ed.). (2007). Human resource management: A critical text. Cengage Learning EMEA. Ulrich, D. (2013). Human resource champions: The next agenda for adding value and delivering results. Harvard Business Press. Bohlander, G., & Snell, S. (2006). Managing human resources. Cengage Learning. Lawler, E. E., & Mohrman, S. A. (2003). HR as a strategic partner: what does it take to make it happen?. Human Resource Planning, 26(3), 15-29. Varian, H. R., & Farrell, J. V. (2004). The economics of information technology: An introduction. Cambridge University Press. Goo, J., Kishore, R., Rao, H. R., & Nam, K. (2009). The Role of Service Level Agreements in Relational Management of Information Technology Outsourcing: An Empirical Study. Mis Quarterly, 33(1).